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Directed Acyclic Graph

Introduced in GitLab 12.2.

A directed acyclic graph can be used in the context of a CI/CD pipeline to build relationships between jobs such that execution is performed in the quickest possible manner, regardless how stages may be set up.

For example, you may have a specific tool or separate website that is built as part of your main project. Using a DAG, you can specify the relationship between these jobs and GitLab will then execute the jobs as soon as possible instead of waiting for each stage to complete.

Unlike other DAG solutions for CI/CD, GitLab does not require you to choose one or the other. You can implement a hybrid combination of DAG and traditional stage-based operation within a single pipeline. Configuration is kept very simple, requiring a single keyword to enable the feature for any job.

Consider a monorepo as follows:

./service_a
./service_b
./service_c
./service_d

It has a pipeline that looks like the following:

build test deploy
build_a test_a deploy_a
build_b test_b deploy_b
build_c test_c deploy_c
build_d test_d deploy_d

Using a DAG, you can relate the _a jobs to each other separately from the _b jobs, and even if service a takes a very long time to build, service b will not wait for it and will finish as quickly as it can. In this very same pipeline, _c and _d can be left alone and will run together in staged sequence just like any normal GitLab pipeline.

Use cases

A DAG can help solve several different kinds of relationships between jobs within a CI/CD pipeline. Most typically this would cover when jobs need to fan in or out, and/or merge back together (diamond dependencies). This can happen when you're handling multi-platform builds or complex webs of dependencies as in something like an operating system build or a complex deployment graph of independently deployable but related microservices.

Additionally, a DAG can help with general speediness of pipelines and helping to deliver fast feedback. By creating dependency relationships that don't unnecessarily block each other, your pipelines will run as quickly as possible regardless of pipeline stages, ensuring output (including errors) is available to developers as quickly as possible.

Usage

Relationships are defined between jobs using the needs: keyword.

Note that needs: also works with the parallel keyword, giving you powerful options for parallelization within your pipeline.

Limitations

A directed acyclic graph is a complicated feature, and as of the initial MVC there are certain use cases that you may need to work around. For more information: